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Summary
Geography Class 46

THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (05:11 PM)

JUTE TEXTILE INDUSTRY (05:19 PM)

  • Jute is called golden fiber.
  • Locational factors:
  • 1) Raw material: Non-weight-losing raw material.
  • Grows in alluvial soil
  • The growing condition requires high temperatures and high precipitation 
  • Jute processing requires a large quantity of water.
  • 2) Labour - Cheap labor is required which is easily available in West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha regions.
  • 3) Power- Require constant power supply
  • 4) Government policy- Jute packaging is regulated by the Jute Packaging Material Act of 1987.
  • Distribution:
  • The First Jute Mill was established in Rishra in 1855.
  • 90% of jute production is in West Bengal.
  • A large amount of area in Bangladesh is under jute cultivation.
  • The Jute production is distributed in the following regions:
  • Andhra Pradesh- used for rice packaging,
  • Madhya Pradesh- for cement packaging,
  • Uttar Pradesh and Bihar- Sugar packaging.
  • Problems:
  • Technology- Old and obsolete technology.
  • Competition from Bangladesh in the jute sector
  • Competition due to the cheap availability of substitutes like plastic bags.
  • Production is majorly from West Bengal and Assam.
  • Strong labour unionism, frequent strikes, and lockouts.
  • Less demand for jute products.
  • Irregular supply of power and costly power.
  • Significance:
  • It is environmentally friendly and is biodegradable
  • If produced on a mass scale it is cheaper too.
  • It is also used in soil conservation and the reduction of soil erosion. etc.
  • Govt. is supporting the industry through the Jute Packaging Material Act, of 1987.

SILK TEXTILE INDUSTRY (05:40 PM)

  • India is a major exporter of silk.
  • All five varieties of silk are available in India.
  • Mulberry silk is available in large proportions.
  • Locational factors:
  • 1) Raw material -
  • Silk is produced from silkworms, Sericulture is practiced in the major part of India.
  • Karnataka is the largest producer.
  • Mulberry Silk is majorly produced in south India.
  • In West Bengal, Erie silk is produced while in Assam Muga silk is produced.
  • UP- Bihar- Oak Tussar,
  • Odisha region - Tropical Tussar,
  • Erie silk is called "Ahimsa silk".
  • 2) Labour - Majorly women are involved in production activities.
  • Distribution:
  • Kanchi, Tanjavore, Dharmavaram, Banglore, Mysore, Pochampalli, Andhra Pradesh, Anandpur, and Hyderabad are major centers.
  • Assam- Areas around Guwahati
  • UP-Bihar- Varanasi and Bhagalpur
  • Bengal- Dakshin pargana
  • Problems:
  • Sericulture is practiced as a subsidiary activity, so there is irregular production and supply in the market
  • There are many market hurdles.
  • Huge competition from artificial silk, china silk, Japanese silk, and Italy silk.
  • Competition from artificial silk.
  • Lack of government support for the sericulture activity.
  • Significance:
  • Silk has huge potential.
  • It can be considered as an alternative source of income.
  • Sericulture doesn't require fertile land.
  • The capital investment requirement in sericulture is low.
  • It can create huge employment opportunities for women.

SUGAR INDUSTRY (5:53 PM)

  • It is the second largest agro-based industry after cotton.
  • Locational factors:
  • 1) The raw material is weight-losing and the final product weighs just 1/10 of the raw material.
  • Soil condition- Alluvial soil
  • It is grown in high-precipitation areas.
  • Raw material is perishable goods, Sugarcane crushing should be done within 24 hours.
  • It is too bulky to transport, so sugar mills need to be established in the vicinity of the production area.
  • 2) A constant supply of power is required.
  • 3) Huge capital investment is required.
  • 4) FRP price is declared for the sugarcane which is market-distorting in nature.
  • Distribution:
  • UP- Bihar and the Terai region are most suitable for sugarcane production.
  • In North India, important centers are Bulandshahar, Saharanpur, Mirzapur, Champaran, Eastern UP, Sitapur, Faizabad, and in Haryana- Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, etc.
  • However, the sugarcane-producing region gradually shifted toward south India.
  • Reasons for a southward shift in the sugar industry:
  • Black soil, availability of groundwater, and other irrigation facilities like canals, etc.
  • Sugarcane grown in the south has higher sucrose content.
  • The good moisture, longer crushing period, and marine effect are reasons for higher sucrose content.
  • The sugar mills are run effectively by co-operatives.
  • Regions in South:
  • Ahmednagar, Solapur, Mysore, Mandya, Belgaum.
  • Tamilnadu- Trichy, Coimbatore, Salem.
  • Andhra Pradesh: Krishna-Godavari delta and coastal Andhra and Godavari region
  • It has good port connectivity.
  • Problems:
  • In the northern region old technology is being used.
  • Compared to the global average the per-hectare production is much less.
  • Market support is controlled, and the price is determined by the Government.
  • Competition from the Jaggery.

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY (06:10 PM)

  • The growth of the country is measured in terms of the level of iron and steel production.
  • Locational factors:
  • 1) Raw material- Iron ore is the most important but an equal amount of coal is also required.
  • Limestone is also used in processing.
  • Pig iron is extracted from this process (100 % iron)
  • (Pig iron+ Manganese = Steel), In this process, a huge amount of water is required.
  • 2) Market- Available in major parts of India.
  • 3) Labour - Skilled labour required
  • 4) Power- consumes power in huge quantities, It should be regular and cheap.
  • 5) Infrastructure- Transportation facilities are required, The most prominent mode is railways.
  • Iron and coal have a bidirectional relationship.
  • Distribution:
  • TISCO- Jamshedpur is one of the earliest plants.
  • 10 Integrated steel plants:
  • Jharkhand- Jamshedpur, Bokaro
  • West Benagal- Bumpur and Durgapur,
  • Odisha - Rourkela
  • Chattisgarh- Bhillari
  • Karnataka- Bhadravati and Vijaynagar,
  • Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam
  • Tamilnadu- Salem
  • These are major steel plants in India.
  • At world-level distribution:
  • Near the Great Lake region, the Pitsburg region is called the Iron and Steel Capital of the world.
  • However, the production presently happens in the southern region of the USA.
  • In Russia- Near to Ukraine region, the Urals region, the Donbas regions, etc.
  • Germany- Rurh valley.
  • China- Import iron mainly from India.
  • Problems:
  • Availability and supply of the coal.
  • Long gestation period.
  • Huge Investment.
  • Regular power supply.
  • Mini steel plants:
  • Mini-steel plants are located near the market and are smaller in size.
  • They are dependent on scrap iron.
  • They have a shorter gestation period.
  • But they are not much successful, because scrap iron is less available.
  • These plants are dependent on imported scrap iron.
  • Power shortage is an issue.

CEMENT INDUSTRY (06:33 PM)

  • Importance - This industry supports the construction sector. It is the backbone of economic growth. 
  • Locational factors:
  • 1) Raw Materials- Limestone, Coal, and Gypsum.
  • Limestone- found along Cuddapah, Shivalik region.
  • Coal- Gondwana coal
  • Gypsum - Rajasthan mines but not sufficient.
  • Seashells along coastal regions are important sources.
  • Sludge from the fertilizer industry and slag from the iron and steel industry are the important raw materials for gypsum.
  • 2) Power- huge power demand. 
  • 3) Capital- The cement industry is capital-intensive.
  • Distribution:
  • Earlier the cement industry was established in the Vindyan region as well as some parts of Karnataka and Maharashtra, the Cuddapah region, and some parts of the Pirpanjal-Shivalik belt.
  • Gradually the cement industry spread in various regions with help of the government policies.
  • Problems:
  • Pollution of air and water
  • Availability of raw materials is an issue.
  • Cartelization in the cement industry is a big issue.

FERTILIZER INDUSTRY (06:40 PM)

  • Significance:
  • India is not self-sufficient.
  • We import large quantities of fertilizers.
  • Nitrogenous, Phosporpous, and sulfur fertilizers are prominently produced in India
  • Locational factors:
  • 1) Raw material- for nitrogenous fertilizers- Naptha is extracted from natural gas in refineries that are used in the fertilizer industry,
  • They are located near the refineries or coastal regions to import the raw material.
  • Ammonium sulfate is available in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, etc.
  • Phosphatic fertilizers have rock phosphate as raw material.
  • In India, it is found in Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh.
  • Sulfurous fertilizers- sulphuric acid- extracted from refineries.
  • 2) Power- a cheaper and more regular supply of energy is required.
  • 3) Government policy- fertilizers majorly depend upon govt. subsidy
  • Distribution- Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, etc.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION (07:07 PM)

  • A) Roadways
  • Advantages:
  • End-to-end connectivity
  • Faster mode for commutation
  • It connects difficult terrain like hilly regions
  • Disadvantages:
  • High cost of maintenance
  • Causes pollution due to lower efficiency.
  • Urban congestion and traffic.
  • B) Railways
  • Advantages:
  • Cheap for industry
  • Bulky goods transportation is possible
  • It is comfortable for long-distance movement.
  • Disadvantages:
  • High maintenance
  • No door-to-door connectivity.
  • Due to cross-subsidy and limited infrastructure, the freight movement is delayed and becomes costly.
  • Difficult to connect tough terrains 
  • Land acquisition is difficult.
  • Inland Waterways
  • Advantages:
  • Cheapest of all transports
  • Low energy requirement and eco-friendly too.
  • It is well suited for bulky and nonperishable goods.
  • Low maintenance.
  • It is labour intensive too and provides employment.
  • Disadvantages:
  • Can not carry perishables
  • No door-to-door connectivity.
  • Water levels are not consistent, and rainfed rivers are not navigable throughout the year.
  • Various hydro projects reduce water availability
  • Regular dredging and de-siltation are required.
  • Many times the terrain is difficult.
  • Situations like floods and the shifting course of rivers are prominent issues.
  • Slow movement
  • Airways:
  • Advantages:
  • Fastest and can be used in emergencies.
  • Perishable goods can be transported easily.
  • It boosts the tourism sector
  • Disadvantages:
  • Costly and has safety issues.
  • Bulk transportation is difficult
  • High initial setup cost.
  • Highly polluting mode.

POPULATION (07:21 PM)

  • Population is the number of individuals of the species.
  • Population density- Number of individuals of a specie per unit area.
  • Terms related to population density:
  • Crude density is also called Arithmetic density = Population/ Area
  • Nutritional density = total population/total cultivable area.
  • Agricultural density= The agricultural population/total cultivable area.
  • Population growth is measured using different terms as follows:
  • Natural Growth Rate i.e. NGR =1000* (Number of live births - Number of deaths) / Mid-year population.
  • Crude Birth Rate = 1000* Number of live births / total population
  • Fertility Ratio= 1000* (Population of children between 0-4 years) /  (Total population of females between 15 to 44 years)
  • Replacement Level Fertility:
  • It is the fertility rate required for the generation to replace itself.
  • It is the average number of children a woman would need to have to reproduce herself by bearing a daughter who survives to childbearing age so that each generation will exactly replace itself without considering migration.
  • It is generally considered to be 2.1
  • Deaths:
  • Crude death rate (CDR) is 1000* Number of deaths in a given period / total population 
  • Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.
  • Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths during a given period per 1,00,000 live births.

MIGRATION (07:33 PM)

  • Migration is a change in residency for a substantial period of time.
  • Reasons behind migration are push and pull factors 
  • Push factors- The disturbance at the source is called a push factor, for example, Drought, flood, etc
  • Pull factors- There is something more attractive at the destination like better employment, facilities, etc.
  • Types of Migration:
  • 1) International- Immigration and emigration 
  • 2) Domestic migration is within the country.
  • Domestic migration is classified into 4 types as follows:
  • a) Rural -> Urban - the movement of children for education.
  • b) Rural -> Rural - majorly due to marriage etc.
  • c) Urban -> Urban - small cities to metropolitan cities, majorly for better opportunities
  • d) Urban -> Rural - Due to congestion, high living costs, etc

POPULATION PYRAMID (07:50 PM)

  • The male population is counted at the left half of the pyramid while the female population is at the right half of the pyramid.
  • Population pyramid shapes are as follows:
  • Type-1:Progressive with very wide base and rapidly declining. For Example, Sub-saharan countries
  • Type-2: Gradual decling death rate but high birth rate. For Example, India between 1960-2010.
  • Type-3: Low birth rate, low death rate. For example, USA.
  • Type-4: Contracting very low death and birth rates. for example, Sweden and Japan.
  • Demographic transition theory and its five phases are as follows:
  • Stage 1 - High birth and high death rate
  • Stage 2 - High birth and declining death rate
  • Stage 3 - Falling Birth rate and death rate fall more slowly.
  • Stage 4 - Low Birth and Low Death rate
  • Stage 5 - Birth rate rising again and Stable or slow increase in death rate.

THE SYLLABUS FOR GEOGRAPHY IS COMPLETED.